Can Brazil Become a Global Competitor in the Information Free Essays

Their IT out sourcing part is little comparative with Indian’s. The hypothesis about International exchange expresses that the distinctions In gift variables of creation, levels of innovation that decide the factor Intensities utilized, efficiencies with which these factor Intensities re used, and remote trade rates. Ball, Greener and Magnet) International Investment hypotheses talk about near bit of leeway and upper hands. We will compose a custom article test on Would brazil be able to Become a Global Competitor in the Information or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now A case of a near bit of leeway between the US and Brazil would be the means by which the US has a preferred position in PCs, while Brazil has a bit of leeway in shoes. The data innovation administration industry has extended quickly. Numerous organizations worldwide have settled on the choice to re-appropriate this industry to seaward organizations. Overall interest has expanded development to forty to fifty percent on a yearly intensified rate premise. In spite of the fact that Brazil has gained considerable ground in lessening customary outskirt exchange hindrances (taxes, import authorizing, and so on ), tax rates in numerous zones stay high and keep on preferring privately created items. Brazier’s boundaries to exchange are a reason for worry for the US Government and the European Union (ELI), both of whom keep on working through territorial exchange accord arrangements and at the WTFO level to impact levy and non-tax obstructions. This report addresses a wide scope of exchange guidelines that may influence US organizations trying to fare to Brazil. Step by step instructions to refer to Can Brazil Become a Global Competitor in the Information, Papers

Marketing Planning and Strategy (Ethical Challenge) 1 Assignment

Advertising Planning and Strategy (Ethical Challenge) 1 - Assignment Example ntation may anyway target genuinely crippled individuals and individuals with medical issues so as to decide included expenses and hazard in item conveyance at deciding costs. This may hurt individuals from the objective populace by exposing them to more significant expenses dependent on their unique needs. Raju (2009) contends that division assists with addressing needs of unique gatherings yet the related inconvenience of cost may prompt more noteworthy damage than if items were offered without division and costs stayed uniform. What's more, such division may for a reason for distinguishing proof of the difficulties confronting the gatherings and hence open them to disgrace. Thusly, focusing on the truly handicapped or individuals with assistance issues, with the point of meeting their extraordinary needs at greater expenses, are an infringement of moral practices. Focusing on the portions in protection inclusion is a model. The division may prompt higher spread expense and cutoff the group’s capacity to bear the cost of spread and access care. What's more, the division may make the feeling that the fragment have unforeseen weakness and instigate disgrace against individuals from the section to decline their government assistance through actuated passionate shakiness (Brenkert and Beauchamp,

How to Manage Peers When You Get Promoted

How to Manage Peers When You Get Promoted Getting a promotion can be an emotional rollercoaster ride. On the one hand, you are exhilarated by the increased paycheck and other perks heading your way, but then you suddenly realize the extra responsibilities you need to manage. You might be looking to turn to your peers for your support and then you realize: you are their boss now or that you simply beat them to it.Managing your peers can be a tough task, as the jump from working together to working for the other person can create friction and wariness. © Shutterstock | Monkey Business ImagesIn this guide, we’ll give you tips on how to make the transition smoother and to manage your peers when the promotion lands on your desk.#1 DEVELOP A CONSISTENT APPROACHThe first thing you must do is to develop an approach for handling your new position and then remain consistent with it. Take a moment to process your promotion before you head out to confront your peers.Consistency is essential for a smooth transition. You shouldn’t be the best mate to your peers on one day, only to play it tough the next. If your peers know what to expect from you in terms of your management style and communication, accepting the new situation will be easier. Changing your approach from one to another can in fact increase resentment because it makes it harder to know where you stand.When you start thinking about how you’ll approach this new situation, consider how you’d like to be treated if the tables were turned. Put yourself in your peers’ positio n and empathize with their possible disappointment of being overlooked or having a friend manage them.Furthermore, you need to start from a clean slate and let your colleagues know it. You don’t want to use your knowledge of their behavior against them in the future. For example, you might be aware one of them once spent the whole day watching box sets while claiming to be sick. But you need to treat this as a past incident and not let it affect how you manage the person in the future.Some of the behavior your colleagues might not be about resentment or annoyance, but sincere fear of what will happen now. For example, if they know you know about their naughty habits, they might feel vulnerable in how you might use this against them in the new position. Therefore, you need to ease their fear by making it clear that past is past and everyone is starting with a clean slate.Essentially, you should not just think about the peers you’ll be managing, but consider more broadly the kind of manager you want to be. Think about your style by answering questions like:How do you want to approach problems at the office?What do you think is the best way to motivate people?How can you increase collaboration and co-operation?What do you expect from your colleagues?What can you offer them in return?Where do you draw the line in bad behavior?If you carefully analyze your own management style and the approaches you’d like managers to use, you can create a way to handle this situation in a calm and professional manner.[slideshare id=12819742doc=activity8grouplesson-120506132803-phpapp01w=640h=330]#2 SHOW HUMILITY AFTER YOUR GOT PROMOTEDGetting a promotion is always an exciting occasion and you have every reason to be proud and happy about it. But the best place to showcase this happiness is not at the office in front of your peers, but at home amongst your family.At work, you want to show how proud you feel about the promotion simply by doing a good job. It all relates again on your ability to emphasize with your co-workers.Flashing your bigger pay check or boasting about the bigger office space and other perks won’t feel nice when you aren’t the one with these benefits. Set yourself in the shoes of the co-worker and understand what the promotion would have meant for them. Show humility and keep your enjoyment professional.Remember this doesn’t mean you must pretend like you aren’t enjoying your new position or that it hasn’t brought benefits to you. You just don’t want to make a number of these advantages to your co-workers. As the old saying goes, you shouldn’t “rub salt in the wounds”.Humility also helps you deal with co-workers that are less secretive about their feelings regarding the promotion. You don’t want to start thinking you are somehow better than your peers because of the promotion. Whilst you were considered the best fit for the role at the time, the situation might have been reversed in a different role and a differen t time.Furthermore, by meeting disrespect with respect, you are taking the highway and highlighting to other colleagues that you are up to the task. It’s likely that the person being a jerk towards you will soon grow tired of behaving this way, as you aren’t responding the way they want.If you want to understand the importance of humility in business, you should check out the below video by Harvard Business Review. It discusses how a proper leader will need to instill humility to his or her actions: #3 TALK ABOUT THE SITUATIONYou should also discuss the new situation with your peers, especially if you are promoted to a management position. It shows good leadership skills to have a one-on-one chat which each colleague.The objective is to talk about the current situation and to get input from your peers as to what they’d hope you’d change around the workplace now that you are in a management position. You want to make them feel appreciated and showcase them the opportunities t hey still have at the workplace.The key is to stay empathetic during this conversation, but don’t make it about their or your feelings. The more emotional the discussion gets, the more likely it is that one of you ends up saying something mean or hurtful in the heat of the moment. Things like “I did deserve this promotion” and “I feel I was more qualified” are not the kind of things you should be talking about. If you feel the conversation is getting too emotional or personal, suggest you talk later as the feelings settle down.In addition, try to direct the discussion towards the person’s career aspirations and their ideas for the organization. Showcase them the opportunities that’ll keep coming their way, as it can help them feel better even though this promotion might have slipped from their hands.Avoid having them dwell on ‘what might have been’, but instead talk about future projects and their role in these. It’s a good idea to have each colleague present to you their specific career goals they have so that you can be supportive of them reaching these objectives. For example, you can say you’ll look into different training options.Furthermore, have each peer provide you with improvement ideas, whether it is for the office mood, the handling of project or overall management. You don’t necessarily have to agree or implement these, but you do want to listen to them.You should listen to the idea with an open mind, but also remind the person that you have the final say on the matter. For instance, “I hear that you’d prefer to have the deadline removed for Thursday. I’ll look into it in terms of other projects it’s tied with, but I might not be able to provide the extension.”To help you direct the conversation, here are the points you should cover with each employee:Understand and acknowledge their emotions regarding your promotion.Move on from the promotion, especially in terms of emotions, and direct the conversation to the pe rson’s career aspirations.Express interest towards what they want to achieve in the future and discuss the different options you might be able to provide them.Make it clear that they, as well as you, still have a job to perform and personal feelings should not influence this.Show willingness to listen, but remind you still are making the final decisions.#4 ESTABLISH THE AUTHORITYYou need to draw a new line between you and your peers, which typically require you to approach the new relationship with a more professional manner. Authority is another aspect you must add to this mixture.As mentioned briefly above, you can’t gossip about the workplace in the same way now that you are in a management position. The relationship has changed and you need to be aware of this. It doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be friendly or not hang out with your peers, but that an inevitable adjustment is required to guarantee you succeed in your new role.Authority is something you must establish, as your colleagues need to know that you are the boss. When you’ve worked with someone for a long time, the shift from equals to a manager-employee position is not always the easiest.[slideshare id=13010273doc=authorityatwork-120521034549-phpapp02w=640h=330]If you are faced with peers that don’t take your new authority and position seriously, you need to take action. Just as you’ll respect them with employees, they also need to respect you as the manager.Assert your position in a friendly, but straight manner. For instance, if you find them struggling to meet deadlines, instead of saying, “You were supposed to do this already, you now have until tomorrow”, you can say, “The deadline for this project was yesterday, could you explain what the problem was for getting it finished?” The last approach is sturdy, but you are also not assuming aloud that they missed the deadline on purpose. Instead, you are offering them help and the ability to explain what’s going on.If you are st ruggling with assertiveness, start paying more attention to your wording. For instance, look at the following sentences:It would be great if you could let Tim know about the report’s findings next week.Please let Tim know next week what you found out with the report.The two are rather similar in the sentiment, but the latter isn’t asking the person to act a certain way, but rather it is giving a directive. If you need the person to perform a task, don’t frame it as a choice. You don’t need to say, “Do this now”, but you can make it friendlier by stating, “Please look at this before the end of the day. If you have queries let me know”.Overall, you want to provide support and guidance to your peers. Don’t assume they are missing deadlines on purpose, but try to figure out if there are some underlying issues you might not have noticed prior to becoming a manager.A good way to approach authority is to point out that the deadlines or rules are not there for you to feel happy and to ‘rule’ the office â€" they are for the benefit of the company. The colleagues aren’t pleasing you by meeting deadlines, but they are helping the organization to succeed.Lastly, it’s important that you highlight your authority by following through with punishments as well. If peers are constantly behaving inappropriately or ignoring your orders, you have to show them the behavior has consequences. Whether this is a warning of some kind or another method, people need to know you mean what you say.#5 ADDRESS ISSUES HEAD-ONFinally, you can’t let any resentment within the workplace fester for too long, as it can start creating real problems. Whilst it is a good idea to give everyone some breathing room in the immediate aftermath of your promotion, but eventually you need to weed out unacceptable behavior. Bickering and outright hostility should not be allowed to spoil the organization.If you notice there’s a person that seems to continue to have a problem with yo ur new position even after the dust has settled, you need to take them aside and address the issues head-on. Always talk to the person individually, even if you realize it is a small group of people behaving inappropriately. Don’t accuse the person of being a jerk, but allow them to explain to you what is bothering them. Don’t make it about the promotion, but address it as a management issues. For instance, say “I feel like we’ve not been able to find a common language yet and I’d like you to tell me how I could improve as a manager to ensure you are more comfortable?”When you make it about the management style it:Highlights your position of authority, as you gently point out that you are now a managerTells them you are willing to listen to their advice and input on how you can improve as a managerOverall, by making it about your management style and not about the promotion, you force them to think whether they are behaving in an inappropriate manner. It might well be th at they finally have to face the fact that you have been promoted and it can’t be changed. They can only change their attitude towards it.If they point out to any issues they might have with your style and approach, be open to their suggestions or critique. Some of it might well be invalid, but some aspects might teach you something new about how to lead better.Don’t be the only one taking in criticism. While you don’t want to accuse the person necessarily on their bad behavior, you do need to remind them about their responsibilities. If the person is not doing his or her job properly out of resentment, you have to use the similar tactics from the above section. Remind that they are accountable to the organization and it is them and the business that suffers if they can’t perform the job.FINAL THOUGHTSWhen you are promoted to a new position, you’ll likely face different types of reactions from your peers. Some are genuinely happy, while others might greet you with a sour f ace. It’s important to understand that not all negative emotions are necessarily directed towards you as a person, but people might simply be due to the disappointment the person feels for not getting the job.Therefore, allow the situation to calm and settle down. Focus your efforts on getting to grips with the new role and finding your foothold as a manager. Treat people with respect and dignity, but understand that the relationship will be different now from what it used to be.Overall, focus on becoming a better manager and to improve your ability to get the work done. If people have an issue with you and your approach, give them space to voice their objections and ideas. Listen to what other’s might have to say, but don’t allow people’s bitterness to stop you from doing your job.

Movie Review Spring Breakers - 2070 Words

Movie: â€Å"Spring Breakers† I chose the movie â€Å"Spring Breakers†, to illustrate how sexism, rape culture, and sexual assault play an enormous role in society. The movie is about 4 college best friends, Candy (Vanessa Hudgens), Faith (Selena Gomez), Brit (Ashley Benson) and Cotty (Rachel Korine) , who are in need of money so they can go to Florida for their spring-break trip. The girls end up robbing a diner and they head down to Florida. However, the police soon find the group of girls and arrest them. The four college girls are then bailed out of jail by drug dealer and aspiring rap artist, Alien (James Franco). Afterwards, Faith cannot handle the pressure of being a â€Å"bad girl† and decides to go home. The other three girls decide to join Alien in a life of crime. The movie â€Å"Spring Breakers† is not just a horrible movie, but it boosts rape culture. This movie turns young women into sex objects. In the beginning of the movie, we get a slow -motion shot of breasts as the college students’ dance and drink on the beach. Despite the fact that men are also involved, the camera only focuses on the females. The message is clear, the females are the ones â€Å"letting loose.† Even a scene in the lecture hall shows two of the female protagonists imitate â€Å"blow jobs† in the middle of their boring class. In the book â€Å"Language and Sexism† by Sara Mills, explains, â€Å"Language does indeed reveal to us the values of groups and institutions within our culture in the past who were instrumental inShow MoreRelatedMovie Review : Spring Breakers921 Words   |  4 Pagesnew normal if you buy into what the 2013 movie â€Å"Spring Breakers† promotes. While I can acknowledge the attempts of the director trying to make this movie a satirical commentary of college spring break, due to poor artistic decisions and script writing this film instead showcases partying until the point of hospitalizati on, violence, and the sexualization of young women. The movie Spring Breakers is not only an artistically bland and poorly written movie due to specific conventions and codes byRead MoreHydraulic Fracking Essay15746 Words   |  63 PagesField, Grant County, Kansas by Stanolind Oil Company (Suchy, 2012). On the Klepper No. 1, about 1,000 gallons of naphthenic-acid and palm oil, also known as napalm, was mixed in a thickened gasoline mixer and injected at 2,400 feet, followed by a gel breaker that was used to stimulate the limestone formation (Willie, 2011). As with the nitroglycerin, the napalm made the process extremely hazardous for the rig workers. The main goal of this â€Å"hydrafrac† was to compare fracking with the acidizing thatRead MoreAdidas Marketing Plan20779 Words   |  84 Pagesathlete†©lifestyle†©is†©running,†©which†©saw†©an†©increase†©in†©sales†©despite†©financial†©trouble†©in†©mostâ⠂¬ © other†©segments†©(Boyle).†©Ã¢â‚¬ ©This†©is†©due†©partly†©to†©its†©simplicity†©in†©nature,†©which†©is†©supported†©by†© the†©trend†©of†©post†recession†©consumers,†©as†©defined†©by†©the†©Harvard†©Business†©Review†©article†© titled†©Ã¢â‚¬Å"Understanding†©the†©Post†Recession†©Consumer†,†©to†©demand†©a†©return†©to†©simplicity†© (Flatters).†©Ã¢â‚¬ ©One†©possible†©further†©addition†©to†©this†©running†©segment†©could†©be†©a†©line†©of†© 10 minimalist†©running†©shoes,†©or†©shoes†©that†©have†©less†©Ã¢â‚¬Å"frills†Ã¢â‚¬ ©and†©that†©come†©closer†©to†©mimicking†©Read MoreAdidas Marketing Plan20768 Words   |  84 Pagesathlete†©lifestyle†©is†©running,†©which†©saw†©an†©increase†©in†©sales†©despite†©financial†©trouble†©in†©most†© other†©segments†©(Boyle).†©Ã¢â‚¬ ©This†©is†©due†©partly†©to†©its†©simplicity†©in†©nature,†©which†©is†©supported†©by†© the†©trend†©of†©post†recession†©consumers,†©as†©defined†©by†©the†©Harvard†©Business†©Review†©article†© titled†©Ã¢â‚¬Å"Understanding†©the†©Post†Recession†©Consumer†,†©to†©demand†©a†©return†©to†©simplicity†© (Flatters).â₠¬ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ©One†©possible†©further†©addition†©to†©this†©running†©segment†©could†©be†©a†©line†©of†© 10 minimalist†©running†©shoes,†©or†©shoes†©that†©have†©less†©Ã¢â‚¬Å"frills†Ã¢â‚¬ ©and†©that†©come†©closer†©to†©mimicking†©Read MoreWireless Technology Essay16392 Words   |  66 Pagestranslated into 5 (five) letter groups that were transmitted in Morse code and then decoded by a machine using the same settings. Unfortunately, these machines had over 150 000 000 000 000 settings which made the task of decoding for the British code breakers a Herculean one.† (Dubendorf, 2003) During the early parts of the war, the development of the RADAR system was accomplished. A key step in the development of wireless technology was the development of satellite communications. In 1957, PresidentRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages Employee Involvement 20 How Organizations Involve Employees 20 Employee Involvement Implications for HRM 20 Other HRM Challenges 21 Recession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPrinciples of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. 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New Step by Step Roadmap for Help on Writing a Research Paper

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Mp4 Matlab Free Essays

College of Engineering ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING NDC Compound, *Anonas* St. Sta. Mesa, Manila {draw:line} Research Work with Defense Submitted By: Group 3 – Alpha Signal Rho BSECE IV-1 Leader : SANTOS, Ralph Rhyan G. We will write a custom essay sample on Mp4 Matlab or any similar topic only for you Order Now Members: BELANO, Gracielle D. ESPINOSA, Joey Q. HERNANDEZ, Jan Roldan B. MATIC, Millicent G. RIVO, Sarah Ezekiel M. VILLENA, Kane Dave R Engr. Gerhard P. Tan Instructor Introduction It is known that our fast-paced emerging technology has been able to give us anything that we wish. Concerning the field of Digital Signal Processing, our latest technology has been able to give birth to many new forms of media file format both in audio and video. A few number of groups tried to produce different media file formats that would be of their greatest preferences but a certain group known as the Moving Picture Experts Group with the combined help of different professionals all around the world were able to create several media file formats that are of great use and in many ways universal. These said formats were then treated as the standards and then were implemented and it was used worldwide. After being assigned a certain file format per group, the certain multimedia file format that will be discussed by our group in this paper is the MP4 file or the file extension format known as . mp4. It is known that the . mp4 file format is the multimedia file container format for the MPEG-4 so some topics about MPEG-4 will also be discussed. Also, we will feature its history, applications, advantages and disadvantages and as well as the future for this certain file format. Different issues surrounding the main topic will be tackled as well and will be explained with the full extent of our capabilities. This research work was designed for students like us to gain new knowledge and discover the fundamentals behind the different technological advancements that we are already enjoying. It could be taken in account that all of our group members participated and did their part in constructing this research paper. History MPEG-4 part 12, which is known as ISO Base Media File Format, was originally the 1st version of the file format for MPEG-4. It was based upon Apple’s QuickTime container format. Afterwards, this part was then revised and thus giving birth to the MPEG-4 part 14 which is the MP4 file format. This occurred in the year 2003 wherein the difference between the two is the Part 1 or the System Standard. The first version then became the basis for many other file formats that were released afterwards. Theories and Principles What is MP4? {draw:frame} IV. Interact with the audiovisual scene generated at the receiver’s end. MPEG-4 Standards The basic components of streaming media are encoders, servers and players. The encoder compresses the video and distributes the compressed video to players that decode and render it. For interoperability the overlapping areas in Figure 2 need standardization, that is file formats, protocols and codecs. The MPEG-4 standard covers it all. {draw:frame} Figure 2 – Streaming media components More recent parts added into MPEG-4 are: †¢ Part 9: Reference Hardware Description†, Phase 1 Hardware Accelerators, Phase 2 Optimized Reference Software integration through Virtual Socket †¢ Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (as discussed below) †¢ Part 11: Scene description (to be split off from part 1) †¢ Part 12: ISO Media File Format. †¢ Part 13 : IPMP Extensions. †¢ Part 14 : MP4 File Format (based on part 12). †¢ Part 15 : AVC File Format (also based on part 12). †¢ Part 16 : AFX (Animation Framework eXtensions) and MuW (Multi-user Worlds). Part 17 : Timed text subtitle format †¢ Part 18 : Font Compression and Streaming †¢ Part 19 : Synthesized Texture Stream †¢ Part 20 : Lightweight Application Screen Representation (LASeR) †¢ Part 21 : MPEG-J Graphical Framework eXtension (GFX) †¢ Part 22 : Open Font Format Specificat ion (OFFS) based on OpenType †¢ Part 23 : Symbolic Music Representation (SMR) {draw:frame} Figure 3: Classification of MPEG-4 Toolset {draw:frame} Figure 4: The parts of MPEG-4, the arrows represent flow of bits Because of its universality and flexibility, the MPEG-4 could be applied almost everything. Of course, since there are media files that do not make use of all the tools provided by the MPEG-4, it resulted in the creation of different profiles. Such profiles are classified according to the tools that they make use of. In general, the different file formats that could contain the MPEG-4 system are as follows: . m4a – media container for raw audio only .m4v – media container for raw video only .mp4 – media container for audio, video and still images . 3gp . 3g2 – media container used in cellular phones Data Streams †¢ Still images (e. g. as a fixed background); †¢ Video objects (e. . a talking person – without the background; †¢ 2–D and 3-D objects such as those used for animations; Audio objects (e. g. the voice associated with that person, background music) Every single one of these media objects present when gathering them in MPEG-4 are stored individually into what we refer to as â€Å"data streams†. In MPEG- 4, every object is tightly coupled with a stream: such binding is made by the means of the Object Descriptor Framework which links an object to an actual stream. This design seems obvious for video objects that rely on a compressed video stream. It has been pushed a bit further: the scene description and the description of object descriptors are themselves streams. In other words, the presentation itself is a stream which updates the scene graph and relies on a dynamic set of descriptors, which allow referencing the actual media streams. These design principles can be summarized in the following figure, which gives a visualization of a scene. {draw:frame} Figure 5: An MPEG-4 scene aggregating different media streams Different objects can be encoded and transmitted separately to the decoder in their own elementary streams. The composition only takes places after decoding instead of before encoding. This applies to both visual objects and audio alike. In order to do the composition, MPEG-4 includes a special scene description language, called BIFS, for binary Format for Scenes. Atoms After the streams are collected, they are then stored into object – oriented structures called â€Å"atoms†. These atoms are what primarily compose an MP4 file. The type field is usually four printable characters. Atom structured files are used in a number of applications, and it is possible to form multi-purpose files which contain the atoms required by more than one specification. Examples include not only the ISO Base File Format family described here, but also the JPEG 2000 file format family, which for the most part is a still-image file format. {draw:frame} Figure 6: Complex File with External Media Data In the MP4 file format, determining how to decode a track involves two decisions. First, what kind of track is it: audio, visual, and so on? And then, precisely how are the samples are coded? The first decision is made by examining the handler type; along with the handler type, there is a type-specific header atom within the track structures for each kind of track. draw:frame} Figure 7: MP4 Handler type and Header atom type {draw:frame} Figure 8: Relation between different objects Application Television Broadcasting MPEG-4 offers well enough compression for transmitting hundreds of channels and satellite TV cable that consumers expect applicable even in high definition televisions. Broadcast applications can take advantage of the MPEG-4 standard to offer h igh-quality interactive content delivered over traditional TV networks or cable TV networks. Mobile Communication and Entertainment MPEG-4 handsets are established for the purpose of having two-way video calls or watch video programming over 3G networks. The MPEG-4 standard allows video streaming of very low bit rate content over all types of networks. It makes provisions for streaming in error-prone environments. These qualities are crucial when streaming rich content to wireless devices. Internet Streaming MPEG-4 has several characteristics that make it the ideal standard for streaming rich media over the internet. For the narrowband Internet, applications can use content compressed at low rates. For broadband Internet, applications can use the same content encoded at higher bit rates. The interactive nature of MPEG-4 means that MPEG-4 content can be used in advanced multimedia applications. And because MPEG-4 allows for scalability, the same content can be streamed to different devices over heterogeneous networks. Portable Gaming Distance Learning and Training One of the keys to distance learning and training is the ability to transmit over different networking infrastructures and interactivity. In a corporate training scenario, MPEG-4 content can be broadcasted via satellite to company branches in remote locations and over the LAN to employees at headquarters. Digital Still Cameras and Convergence Devices Most digital cameras now include movie modes for capture of short video sequences and with the new affordability of high-capacity flash memory, it is possible to build camera-like Mobile Content Convergence Devices that include the functions of a camera, camcorder and music player in one device. Given its compression efficiency, multi-platform support and its freedom from platform bundling requirements, MPEG-4 is an ideal fit for these devices. Satellite Radio MPEG-4’s audio codec have been employed in several systems for satellite radio and multimedia broadcasting. Security Video surveillances are modern means of security employment. Often, the devices used must limit the video resolution and frame rate to provide a reasonable recording time, and mostly require proprietary video players or some plug-ins to view the stored content. Recording using MPEG-4 enables and provides full resolution and desired frame rates. Also, MPEG-4 coding reduces storage cost. Its interoperability also allows users to combine equipment from different manufacturers in their systems and still be able to export a certain video in a universally readable format. MATLAB SIMULATION Since we know that from the principle of MPEG-4, each media object present in the scene while it is taken will be conveyed into its own elementary stream. These media objects could be an audio, video or a still image. The first thing to do is record first an analog signal with the use of the matlab tool known as daqscope. daqscope A window showing an example oscilloscope will be shown. It will look like the picture below. By pressing the arrow button, the recording of an analog signal will begin. The generated signal will depend on the sounds that will be acquired from a recording device such as a computer microphone. After recording on both channels, you can then close the window. The recorded signal will be treated as â€Å"winsound0†. addchannel(ai,1:2); set(ai,’SampleRate’,44100) set(ai,’SamplesPerTrigger’,44100) tart(ai) wait(ai,2) data = getdata(ai); plot(data) The example analog signal that we made look like the next figure. {draw:frame} video = mmread(‘mymovie. mpg’,1:100); This command would then generate the first 100 frames of the video that we have chosen. In our example we used a sample video from the MATLAB folder known as vipmen we con verted it first to an mpg file then renamed it into mymovie. The figure below shows some sample frames. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} I = imread(‘mymovie. pg’); I = im2double(I); T = dctmtx(8); B = blkproc(I,[8 8],’P1xP2†²,T,T’); B2 = blkproc(B,[8 8],’P1. *x’,mask); I2 = blkproc(B2,[8 8],’P1xP2†²,T’,T); imshow(I), figure, imshow(I2) Advantages and Disadvantages The main advantage of the MP4 file format is its interoperability. Since mpeg-4 contains many different tools for different programs for different purposes, it stood up and showed its universality and multi-functionality which we think is the most basic pre-requisite for a media file format to be of great importance. Also, because of that same reason, MP4 is common and would work across different types of players from different manufacturers. It became natural for us to make use of it. Another advantage is that there is no additional infrastructure investment needed for its development unlike mpeg-2 that required billions of dollar to be developed, the MPEG-4 used the pre-existing knowledge and altered it to its preference. The greatest disadvantage would be the licensing terms and the content fee of the MP4 file format. This could be a hindrance for companies that would be using it in a large scale. It could be the reason to slow down the adoption of MP4 for broadcasting in IP networks. Another is with the ever known piracy problem since it relies on data encryption. Also, the download time in a broadband connection, which is much longer than the time consumed when downloading regular files, having the fact that MP4’s are still generally large files. Emerging Technology References: Principles of Digital Audio by Ken C. Pohlmann Principles of Multimedia by Ranjan Parekh MPEG-4 Whitepaper, www. medialab. sonera. fl http://my. opera. com/ebest24/blog/2006/11/11/general-mp4-information http://www. coolutils. com/Formats/MP4 http://www. zimbio. com/QuickTime/articles/4/History+MP4+Technology+Apple http://www. chiariglione. org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-4/mpeg-4. htm http://www. ncsu. edu/it/multimedia/mpeg4. html http://www. mpegif. org/resources/mpeg4userfaq. php How to cite Mp4 Matlab, Essay examples

Witch Of Wall Street Essays - American Women In Business

Witch Of Wall Street A musical based on the life of America's first great female financier, Hetty Green After watching the play, The Witch of Wall Street, and giving it a lot of thought I have analyzed the questions we were given and decided that just answering one wouldn't do the play or the storyline any justice. Therefore I have decided to run through the play in segments answering all five questions in the process of doing so. 1- Describe the plot of the play. 2- Describe the obstacles and opportunities Hetty Green had in the result of her success. 3- What were the main benefactors and antagonizers. The lifetime accomplishments of Hetty Green all started at a young and tender age when she would hang around the docks her father owned, where she was instilled with a certain attitude towards business. She was quite a tomboy, understanding the lingo of the whalers and learning the business. She was her fathers pride and joy, quick to numbers, always giving him the answers he wanted. Her mother, who was an ill and frail woman, was unhappy that she wasn't like other girls her age. While her father blamed her mother for not even being able to produce a son, Hetty, mature and sensitive for her age continued to only do one thing; be the best in her father's eyes. Competitiveness, the need to be successful and the desire to be only the best reigned her persona. Hetty's mother warned her daughter that her father was a shrewd and selfish man. She made sure to tell Hetty that when she died, the entire business would belong to her, despite her father's words... She warned her daughter not to trust anyone, while Hetty would cry to her, promising to make her happy, be rich and successful and buy her mother a beautiful big house. After her mother died, Hetty was introduced to the cold brutality of the world and it was the first notch of trust she lost in her father. Right after the funeral the lawyer announced that all assets would belong to Robinson. Hetty protested to her father questioning what would happen to his promise of Robinson and Daughter? To which her father, aptly - as was his ability to do, turned the entire scenario around, first slapping her and throwing a huge guilt trip on her, which made her apologize for not trusting him... Robinson and Daughter would do just fine in his hands... As Hetty grew older, watching the docks, little did she realize that her father was scheming and running the business according to his desire without consulting her. One day as she was watching the big ships with her father, she noticed something odd and questioned where they were going... After her father tried to dodge the question for a little bit by marveling at how pretty and tall she has become, he answered sheepishly that they were going to be sunk and sold for the war efforts. This was an investment for himself (as he thought) for after the war. Hetty is struck by a forceful thought; she can never trust anyone. This part of her growing up had a major effect on the way she conducted her business. Hetty grew up with a protective shell, juggling the balls in a way to keep both her parents happy, having to keep up with her father's ridiculous expectations. He himself wasn't able to keep his word; she lost trust in him at a young age. When Hetty grew older and attended a school for fine young girls she was quick to realize that she was an outcast, she had no social skills, she had no interest in the petty things other girls her age wanted and was on an extremely different wavelength than the rest of them. This formed her to a greater extent. She was a tough nut to crack and for one reason ? she learned that the best defense against the world was beating them at their own game. Hetty was still unmarried at the age of twenty-five. Once again, her father, the cunning shrewd man that he was, got her to play his game, and set her up to get married to a man named Mr. Green. He was wealthy, high society and a dashing handsome young man. To her father this was merely another business deal, which would allow him to die in peace. As a married woman, Hetty has many responsibilities. She gave birth to two

French Verb Conjugation for Briller (to Shine)

French Verb Conjugation for Briller (to Shine) To shine in French is the verb  briller. It is an easy one to remember if you associate it with brilliant, as in give it a brilliant shine.   When you want to change  briller  to the past tense or the present or future, for that matter you will need to conjugate the verb. French students who have studied other verbs that end in -er  will find this lesson very familiar. Conjugating the French Verb  Briller First, a quick review of pronunciation. Keep in mind that the double LL sounds like a Y when it follows an I. Rather than the hard L sound of [briller], it is pronounced [breeyer]. This follows through to all of the verb conjugations. Briller  is a  regular -ER verb  and that makes it relatively straightforward. The verb endings that replace the -er  follow a specific pattern. For example, in  je  future tense, an  -ai  is added to  briller  and in je  imperfect past tense, the -er  becomes -ais. You will find this in similar verbs like  blesser  (to hurt) and  augmenter  (to raise). That makes each new verb just a little easier to learn. The chart lays out the primary forms of  briller  for you to study. To use it, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For example, I shine is je brille and we will shine is nous brillerons. Brillers Present Participle When you want to use the  present participle  of briller, drop the -er  and add an -ant.  This gives you the word brillant. Did you notice the resemblance to brilliant? The present participle is where we get the correlation that can help with memorization. Another Past Tense of  Briller The past tense of  briller  can be expressed using the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. For the latter, you will use the  past participle  brillà ©Ã‚  as well as the conjugate of  avoir, which is an  auxiliary verb. As an example of the completed passà © composà ©, I moved becomes jai brillà © and we moved is nous avons brillà ©. Note how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and  brillà ©Ã‚  does not change with the subject. More Simple Conjugations of  Briller There may be times in your French that you will use one of the following verb forms of  briller. The subjunctive and conditional are used when the action has some uncertainty to it. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily found in literature and when youre writing. When you want to use  briller  in short commands or requests, you can turn to the imperative verb form. For this one, skip the subject pronoun and say only the verb: brille rather than tu brille.

20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You

20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You 20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You 20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You By Mark Nichol Similes, metaphors, and analogies are turns of phrase that help readers conjure images in a narrative, whether in fiction or nonfiction, but it is in the latter form that they bloom more profusely. And what’s the difference between each of the three literary devices? A simile is a comparison between one thing and another. If you refer to a figure of speech blooming like a flower on a page, you have created a simile. If you more directly say that the figure of speech bloomed before your eyes, you have employed a metaphor. An analogy is a more practical, didactic description: â€Å"Imagine that the figure of speech is like a flower blooming on the page.† Analogy is more common in nonfiction, but simile and metaphor are found there as well. Strive to create engaging similes and metaphors, but insert them in the service of your prose, as stars in the sky, not entire moons. They are foot soldiers, not field officers, in your campaign to inform and/or interest your readers. They are chorus members, not ingenues; extras, not stars. They are OK, enough with the metaphors, already. But before I share with you 20 top similes from great literature, I offer a few tips, like lanterns that serve to light your way: They should be simple and clear: The ones you will read below are literally outstanding, but they’re also removed from their context, where they are mere flowers in fertile fields of great writing. Similes and metaphors should be useful, concise, and then perhaps memorable as well, in that order. And if the task of creating one becomes toil, you’re trying too hard, and your exertions will show. They should stir, but they shouldn’t be mixed: When you adopt a specific theme, stick with it. A mixed metaphor is a missed opportunity, and a distraction rather than a delight. They should be original: If a simile or metaphor doesn’t rise head and shoulders above a more functional description, it won’t fly. Make sure the imagery is worth the effort of creating it. They should entertain: A simile or metaphor, to return to a previously employed metaphor, is like an actor with a bit part who utters a single line, but that line should be trenchant or ticklesome. They should be visually arresting: Similes and metaphors are intended to paint a picture for the reader in order to endow a person, place, or thing with resonance. Herewith, lessons in incandescent imagery: 1. â€Å". . . she tried to get rid of the kitten which had scrambled up her back and stuck like a burr just out of reach.† Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott 2. â€Å"Time has not stood still. It has washed over me, washed me away, as if I’m nothing more than a woman of sand, left by a careless child too near the water.† The Handmaid’s Tale, by Margaret Atwood 3. â€Å"Her romantic mind was like the tiny boxes, one within the other, that come from the puzzling East . . .† Peter Pan, by J. M. Barrie. 4. â€Å". . . and snow lay here and there in patches in the hollow of the banks, like a ladys gloves forgotten.† Lorna Doone: A Romance of Exmoor, by R. D. Blackmore 5. â€Å"I would have given anything for the power to soothe her frail soul, tormenting itself in its invincible ignorance like a small bird beating about the cruel wires of a cage.† Lord Jim, by Joseph Conrad 6. â€Å"In the eastern sky there was a yellow patch like a rug laid for the feet of the coming sun . . .† The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane 7. â€Å". . . when I laid down the paper, I was aware of a flash rush flow I do not know what to call it no word I can find is satisfactorily descriptive in which I seemed to see that bedroom passing through my room, like a picture impossibly painted on a running river. To Be Taken with a Grain of Salt, by Charles Dickens 8. â€Å". . . utterly absorbed by the curious experience that still clung to him like a garment.† Magnificent Obsession, by Lloyd C. Douglas 9. â€Å"She entered with ungainly struggle like some huge awkward chicken, torn, squawking, out of its coop.† The Adventure of the Three Gables, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 10. â€Å"He looks like right after the maul hits the steer and it no longer alive and don’t yet know that it is dead.† As I Lay Dying, by William Faulkner 11. â€Å"Past him, ten feet from his front wheels, flung the Seattle Express like a flying volcano.† Arrowsmith, by Sinclair Lewis 12. â€Å"Her father had inherited that temper; and at times, like antelope fleeing before fire on the slope, his people fled from his red rages.† Riders of the Purple Sage, by Zane Grey 13. â€Å"The very mystery of him excited her curiosity like a door that had neither lock nor key.† Gone with the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell 14. â€Å"Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.† Lolita, by Vladimir Nabokov 15. â€Å"Camperdown, Copenhagen, Trafalgar these names thunder in memory like the booming of great guns.† Mutiny on the Bounty, by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall 16. â€Å"It was Franà §oise, motionless and erect, framed in the small doorway of the corridor like the statue of a saint in its niche.† Swann’s Way, by Marcel Proust 17. â€Å"The water made a sound like kittens lapping.† The Yearling, by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings 18. â€Å"Kate inched over her own thoughts like a measuring worm.† East of Eden, by John Steinbeck 19. â€Å"He swung a great scimitar, before which Spaniards went down like wheat to the reaper’s sickle.† The Sea-Hawk, by Rafael Sabatini 20. â€Å". . . impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken down by ones pencil . . .† To the Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolf Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Among vs. AmongstWhile vs. Whilst

Franchise vs. Non-Franchise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Franchise vs. Non-Franchise - Research Paper Example Licensing is when the licensor (corporation) makes certain resources available to the licensee, which is a company from another country. This enables the licensee to produce and sell a product which is similar to the one being sold by the parent company (Licensor). Franchising is a special form of licensing which occurs when a corporation sells a complete package to the franchisee which includes trademark, equipment, ingredients of the product and even advice related to managerial aspects. The franchisee takes the corporation`s name and standardized operating system (Management, Print). Some great examples of franchises include the fast food chains like McDonald`s, Subway, Burger King etc. on the other hand, a non-franchise business is one in which, although you have lesser support as compared to a franchise, you are free to make your own decisions and follow your own ideas. Unlike a franchise, owners of a non-franchise business do not have to face strict operational rules and other operational guidelines set by the franchisor (Non-franchised business opportunities, Web). One of the well-known franchises of the world is Subway which has been chosen as a franchise business for this assignment. The franchise concept of Subway involves a simple operation as the subs (sandwiches) do not have to be cooked. It also involves low investment and overheads for the franchisee. In order to start a franchise of subway, the franchisee first has to submit a complete application. It takes between 2 to 12 months to start the business at the proposed location. The franchisee is required not to have any association with other businesses during this term of franchise agreement with Subway. In order to purchase a franchise in the United States, the person should be a legal citizen or permanent resident of the United States. The franchisee is helped by the registered development agents of Subway who would help in the initial settlement period. The total investment by the franchisee can range from $115,700 to $260,350 for traditional locations and $85,200 to $202,150 for non-traditional locations. Subway helps the franchisee by providing training for two week which includes in class as well as training in stores. Unless this training is taken, the franchisee will not be allowed to open the shop or outlet. There is a certain criteria set by subway for location, store placement, store design etc. the basic menu of Subway offers breakfast, salads, flat breads and hot as well as cold submarine sandwiches. The franchisees have the option of adding four sandwiches to their menus, one to be selected by the store and two selected by the market. The franchisee has the ability to determine the pricing of store items although prices are also recommended by the company. The franchisee also has to follow a number of guidelines of ingredients and other items. The menu also includes freshly baked cookies and there also a number of requirements of salty snacks, bread etc. The company requires the franchisee to open the store for a minimum of 98 hours. The policy can be changed or eliminated at the franchisor`s discretion. The developing agent would give training of 70 hours during the first week of the store and will evaluate the store on a monthly basis. The company also provides daily back-up support by assigning a coordinator whom the store owner can call for

Effective Strategies in Jack Welch's Transformed General Electric Essay

Effective Strategies in Jack Welch's Transformed General Electric Company - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Jack Welch is viewed as one of the best pioneers in corporate business in the 21st century. Welch changed General Electric, which was a key organization amid the mechanical age in American into the flourishing organization current organization that is profoundly focused universally. The way to the majority of Welch's prosperity is his capacity to identify with individuals in a casual manner. He has ensured imparting over his association casually with his chain charge and with subordinates. Additionally, Welch's alluring initiative style and his forcefulness going to the meeting and occasions his issue him the capacity to corresponded adequately with may representative over the whole association, he must convey his message rehash to strengthen them. By manually written straightforwardly to the representative this strategy has motivated a large number of the association. Welch is known to invest the majority of his time in managing issues with representative s. He personally knows more than 1000 workers at all levels in the organization and this is by a first name base. Before Jack Welch joined the company, the firm was going through bankruptcy. The world was going through the great depression and General Motors was laying off most of its workers like most of the companies at the time. The major reason why they were laying off workers was so that they could offset some of its debt. The company did not have any new car models that would result in more sales for the company. Therefore, the company needed to come up with a new strategy to ensure that the company did not close its operations. Jack Welch's method to success needed to first get his workers to see the master plan where General Electric was heading later on. Next, he made a totally new association culture by rebuilding the order of nine administration levels in a basic structure that was more practical. Welch knew that a hefty portion of his senior authority would scrutinize hi s approaches.

Feasibility Study of Solar Energy in India

Feasibility Study of Solar Energy in India Abstract Solar energy in its raw form may be pollution-free, but manufacturing the devices that get the energy out of light and heat requires metal and other material, requiring mines and smelters, therein causing pollution. Maybe the most exciting thing about solar energy today is not only that the costs continue to drop and efficiencies continue to rise, but that clean solar energy is arriving at last. New technologies allow new methods of manufacturing which pollute much less and often run on solar energy. Solar heating and solar electric systems can now generate thermal and electric energy over their service life up to 100 times the energy input during their manufacture. This ratio; the energy it will produce in its lifetime, compared to the amount of energy input to manufacture and maintain an energy system, has doubled in the last 20 years for most solar technologies. The ratio of energy out vs. energy in for solar systems has become so favorable that the economic and ecological viabili ty of solar power is now beyond question. One reason solar energy still cannot compete financially vs. conventional energy is because the value of future energy output from a photovoltaic system is discounted when calculating, for example, an internal rate of return. These economic models that put a time-value on money, making long-term receipts not worth as much as near-term receipts cannot necessarily be applied to energy. In fact, endues pricing will significantly increase customer penetration, and this will have a correspondingly positive impact on the economics of Solar Water Heating as a stand-alone profit-making business. The business views solar energy as a potential key resource to help Indias energy portfolio become greener, more diversified and more secure, while also creating jobs in the State. Solar energy can play an important role in allowing India to reach its Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) goals. As stated by the Commission, the development of additional renewab le energy resources is a long-standing energy policy objective of the State. The Indian solar energy industry can easily rise to the challenge of bringing solar energy to the forefront to help India address the twin challenges of energy security and combating global warming and climate change.India is particularly well positioned to reap the advantages of solar power, which is clean, free, forever and everywhere. Chapter 1: Introduction India is both densely populated and has high solar insolation, providing an ideal combination for solar power in India. Much of the country does not have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power has been for water pumping; to begin replacing Indias four to five million diesel powered water pumps, each consuming about 3.5kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000km ² area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100gigawatts. In July 2009, India unveiled a $19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020. Under the plan, solar-powered equipment and applications would be mandatory in all government buildings including hospitals and hotels. 18 November 2009, it was reported that India is ready to launch its Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013. Of the total energy produced in In dia, just 0.5% is solar. But with the Government of Indias (GOI) target to increase the use of renewable energy to 10% of total power generation by 2012, solar panels are set to become a more regular feature in communities across India. The GOI has been pushing solar power to households in town and cities using incentives such as discounts on energy bills if solar is installed. However, for the hundreds of thousands of people that live in rural areas of the country, solar energy is more difficult to access. It may seem surprising that solar energy as applied to heating domestic hot water an idea that has been around for a long time offers what utilities and their residential customers want most in a new product/service. This document not only explains how and why, it shows how to get into the business and succeed on a commercial scale. Solar is also easier to sell using end-use pricing because it eliminates customer issues of high first cost and perceived risk that have been major weaknesses in how solar has been marketed in the past. Indias Emerging Solar Industry: The global solar energy industry is in the early phases of what may be a 30 to 50-year expansion. By the end of 2007, the cumulative installed capacity of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems around the world had reached more than 9,200 MW, up from 1,200 MW at the end of 2000. Installations of PV cells and modules around the world have been growing at an average annual rate of more than 35% since 1998 (Solar Generation V Report, EPIA, and September, 2008). While contributing only a fraction of the world energy needs today, by 2060 it may be the largest single contributor to global energy production. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) estimates that by the year 2030, PV systems could be generating approximately 2,600 TWh of electricity around the world, enough to satisfy the electricity needs of almost 14% of the worlds population. India has the opportunity to play a major role in this global energy transformation. With significant technical and production resources, Ind ia can be a major supplier of PV cells and modules to meet the growing world demand. With the current pace of growth, Indias solar industry could emerge as the fourth largest generator of solar energy in the world after, Germany, China, and Japan. As an increasingly significant energy consumer, solar power can play a significant role in the countrys domestic energy supply. With over 50,000 villages in India without electricity, solar power has enormous potential to meet rural electrical needs, improving the lives of millions of Indians and meeting critical agricultural, education and industrial needs. Current Situation in India: India is already a major contributor to the global technology market. According to ISA/ Frost Sullivan report, semiconductor and embedded design revenues are expected to grow from $3.2 billion in 2005 to $43 billion by 201 5. The India semiconductor market is expected to grow from $2.82 billion in 2005 to $ 36.3 billion in 201 5. Electronics manufacturing is estimated to reach $1 55 billion in 201 5, creating a $1 5.5 billion semiconductor market opportunity. With recent government and industry actions, India can also be expected to join the leaders in the global photovoltaic market. India will pool all their scientific, technical and managerial talents, with financial sources, to develop solar energy as a source of abundant energy to power their economy and to transform the lives of their people. Their success in this endeavor will change the face of India. To accomplish these goals, the India government has instituted programs on both the demand and supply side for solar industry. On the supply side, ast year the India cabinet approved incentives to attract foreign investment to the semiconductor sector, including manufacturers of semiconductors, displays and solar technologies. The government announced it will bear 20 per cent of capital expenditures in the first 10 years if a unit is located within Special Economic Zones (SEZs), including major economic zone in Hyderabad called Fab City. The minimum investment was set at 25 billion rupees (—$500 million) for semiconductor manufacturers and 10 billion rupees for other micro- and nanotechnology makers. With theses recent announcements, the solar industry has been the chief beneficiary of this incentive-based economic policy. In August, as a follow up to its semiconductor policy (the Special Incentive Package Scheme, or SIPS), the government of India received 12 proposals amounting to a total investment of Rs. 92,915.38 crore. 10 of these proposals were for solar PV, from: KSurya (Rs. 3,211 crore), Lan co Solar (Rs. 12,938 crore), PV Technologies India (Rs. 6,000 crore), Phoenix Solar India (Rs.1, 200 crore), Reliance Industries (Rs.11, 631 crore) Signet Solar (Rs. 9,672 crore), Solar Semiconductor (Rs.11, 821 crore), TF Solar Power (Rs. 2,348 crore), Tata BP Solar India (Rs. 1,692.80 crore), and Titan Energy System (Rs. 5,880.58 crore). In late September, there were three further announcements, concerning: Vavasi Telegence, which plans to invest Rs. 39,000 crore for a solar PV and polysilicon unit; EPV Solar, which will invest Rs. 4,000 crore for a solar PV unit; and Lanco Solar, which will invest Rs I 2, 938 crore for a solar PV and polysilicon unit. In 2009, approximately I 30MW of shipments in 2009 are projected, compared with approximately 30MW in 2008. On the demand side, India has a long term goal of generating I 0% of the countrys electricity from renewable sources by 2032. In early 2008 India instituted a feed-in tariff for solar PV and/or thermal electricity generation (i.e. —$0.30!kWhr for up to 75% of solar PV output) at the national level as a supplement to more modest local incentive programs. The feed-in tariff is subject to annual digressions and is slated to be in force for ten years. Regional caps will limit total installations in a given year, but should drive solid percentage growth in 2008 , with accelerating growth through 201 0. The new incentive scheme for solar power plants in January 2008 could further enable rapid market growth in the coming years. For power producers, a generation-based subsidy is available up to Rs. I 2/kWh from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, in addition to the price paid by a state utility for I 0 years. With state utilities mandated to buy energy from solar power plants, several state electricity regulatory boards are setting up preferential tariff structures. Among the states that already have proposals in place are Rajasthan (Rs. I 5.6 per kWhr proposed), West Bengal (Rs. I 2.5 per kWhr proposed), Punjab (Rs. 8.93 per kWhr), with several other states exploring such a possibility. Aside from the feed-in tariffs, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides revolving fund to financing and leasing companies offering affordable credit for the purchase of solar PV systems in India. Additional incentives include, 80 % accelerated depreciation, lower import duties on raw materials, and excise duty exemption on certain devices. The role of SEMI PV Group: SEMI is the global industry association serving the manufacturing supply chains for the microelectronic, display and photovoltaic industries. Since its inception in 1970, SEMI has been helping members explore and develop new markets for their products and services. SEMI has helped facilitate the creation of new manufacturing regions by providing advice and council, facilitating collaborations, organizing trade missions and trade events, and other activities necessary to integrate market forces, governmental economic policy, education and human capital programs, and financial support. As the semiconductor industry expanded globally and new manufacturing centers were established throughout the world, SEMI successively opened offices in Japan, Europe, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and China to support introduction to these vital new market regions. In each of these regions, SEMI has organized SEMICON expositions, to bring buyers, suppliers and other industry constituents together, and facili tate industry growth. The SEMI PV Group was established in January 2008 to enhance support to members serving the crystalline and thin film photovoltaic (PV) supply chains. Members of the PV Group provide the essential equipment, materials and services necessary to produce clean, renewable energy from photovoltaic technologies. The PV Group is committed to lowering costs for PV energy and for expanding the growth and profitability of SEMI members serving this essential industry. With the input and guidance of the SEMI Board of Directors and Global and Regional PV Advisory Committees in North America, Asia and Europe, the PV Group has prepared a White Paper, The Perfect Industry The Race to Excellence in PV Manufacturing, that describes the ideal industry characteristics for the high-growth PV industry and describes both current and potential SEMI policies, program and initiatives designed to achieve them. By defining and communicating ideal or perfect industry end-states, equipment and materials suppliers along with cell and module manufacturers can more effectively prioritize industry-wide initiatives. The White Paper outlines four attributes of the perfect industry: long term growth; sustained profitability; environmental excellence, and global scope. Each of these attributes is examined to explain and understand their role in the industrys formation, and to help understand and describe the necessary industry actions required to achieve the greatest impact. The SEMI PV Group beUeves that hepng g row and facilitate the global market for PV is essential to its mission and that India will play a vital role. Following a path that proved successful in the semiconductor and display industries, the SEMI PV Group believes that for the industry to achieve long-term growth, open markets and a global supply chain supported by global standards will be required. A sustainable industry committed to long term, profitable growth industry will also be one with harmonized standards for environmental, health and safety standards and guidelines that yield high-quality, low- cost products from any manufacturing location in the world. Unlike semiconductors— and virtually any other industrial segment the importance of PV industry goes beyond the economic well-being of its participants. The production of clean, renewable energy is of vital importance to every human being on the planet. Renewable Energy sector in India: India has the worlds largest programme for renewable energy. Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister. India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water and biomass. Vigorous efforts during the past two decades are now bearing fruit as people in all walks of life are more aware of the benefits of renewable energy, especially decentralized energy where required in villages and in urban or semi-urban centers. The range of its activities cover: Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar photovoltaics, cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower units. Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy technologies, Promotion of renewable energy technologies, Create an environment conducive for their commercialization, Renewable energy resource assessment, Research and development, Demonstration, Extension, Solar Energy: Solar water heaters have proved the most popular so far and solar photovoltaic for decentralized power supply are fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. More than 700000 PV systems generating 44 MW have been installed all over India. Under the water pumping programme more than 3000 systems have been installed so far and the market for solar lighting and solar pumping is far from saturated. Solar drying is one area which offers very good prospects in food, agricultural and chemical products drying applications. SPV Systems: More than 700000 PV systems of capacity over 44MW for different applications are installed all over India. The market segment and usage is mainly for home lighting, street lighting, solar lanterns and water pumping for irrigation. Over 17 grid interactive solar photovoltaic generating more than 1400 KW are in operation in 8 states of India. As the demand for power grows exponentially and conventional fuel based power generating capacity grows arithmetically, SPV based power generation can be a source to meet the expected shortfall. Especially in rural, far-flung where the likelihood of conventional electric lines is remote, SPV power generation is the best alternative. Wind Power: India now ranks as a wind superpower with an installed wind power capacity of 1167 MW and about 5 billion units of electricity have been fed to the national grid so far. In progress are wind resource assessment programme, wind monitoring, wind mapping, covering 800 stations in 24 states with 193 wind monitoring stations in operations. Altogether 13 states of India have a net potential of about 45000 MW. Solar Cookers: Government has been promoting box type solar cookers with subsidies since a long time in the hope of saving fuel and meeting the needs of the rural and urban populace. There are community cookers and large parabolic reflector based systems in operation in some places but solar cookers, as a whole, have not found the widespread acceptance and popularity as hoped for. A lot of educating and pushing will have to be put in before solar cookers are made an indispensable part of each household (at least in rural and semi-urban areas). Solar cookers using parabolic reflectors or multiple mirrors which result in faster cooking of food would be more welcome than the single reflector box design is what some observers and users of the box cookers feel. Solar Water Heaters: A conservative estimate of solar water heating systems installed in the country is estimated at over 475000 sq. mtrs of the conventional flat plate collectors. Noticeable beneficiaries of the programme of installation of solar water heaters so far have been cooperative dairies, guest houses, hotels, charitable institutions, chemical and process units, hostels, hospitals, textile mills, process houses and individuals. In fact in India solar water heaters are the most popular of all renewable energy devices. Solar Heating and Cooling: Most solar water heater research is currently focused on reducing costs rather than increasing efficiency. Current work involves replacing standard parts with less expensive polymers. Examples include polymer absorbers with selective coatings, UV resistant polymer glazing, and polymer heat exchangers. The main types are glazed and unglazed flat plate types and the evacuated tube types with about 100 million units deployed worldwide with evacuated tubes making up about 25% of the market. Asian growth is predicted to continue. Forms of Renewable Energy: Solar Each day more energy reaches the earth from the sun than would be consumed by the globe in 27 years. Solar energy is renewable as long as the sun keeps burning the massive amount of hydrogen it has in its core. Even with the sun expending 700 billion tons of hydrogen every second, it is expected to keep burning for another 4.5 billion years. Solar energy comes from processes called solar heating, solar water heating, photovoltaic energy and solar thermal electric power. Solar Heating An example of solar heating is the heat that gets trapped inside a closed car on a sunny day. Today, more than 200,000 houses in the United States have been designed to use features that take advantage of the suns energy. These homes use passive solar designs, which do not normally require pumps, fans and other mechanical equipment to store and distribute the suns energy; in contrast to the active solar designs which need the support of mechanical components. A passive solar home or building naturally collects the suns heat through large south facing windows, which are just one aspect of passive design. Once the heat is inside, it is captured and needs to be absorbed. A sun spot on the floor of a house on a cold day holds the suns heat and is perhaps, the simplest form of an absorber. In solar buildings, sunspaces are built onto the southern side of the structure, which act as large absorbers. The floors of these sunspaces are usually made of tiles or bricks that relea se air. Passive solar homes need to be designed to let the heat in during cold months and keep the sun out in the hot months. Using deciduous trees or bushes in front of the south-facing windows can do this. These plants lose their leaves in the winter and allow most of the sun in, while in summer, the leaves will block out a lot of the sunshine and heat. Solar Water Heating The sun can also heat water for bathing and laundry. Most solar water-heating systems have two main parts: the solar collector and the storage tank. The collector heats the water, which then flows to the storage tank. The storage tank can be just a modified water heater, but ideally, it should be a large well-insulated tank. The water stays in the storage tank until it is needed for something, say a shower or to run the dishwasher. Like solar-designed buildings, solar water-heating systems can be either active or passive. While a solar waterheating system can work well, it cannot heat water when the sun is not shining and for this reason, homes have conventional backup systems that use fossil fuels. Photovoltaic Energy The suns energy can also be made directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells, sometimes called solar cells. PV cells make electricity without noise or pollution. They are used in calculators and watches. They also provide power to satellites, electric lights and small electrical appliances such as radios. PV cells are now even being used to provide electricity for homes, villages and businesses. Usually, PV systems are used for water pumping, highway lighting, weather stations and other electrical systems located away from power lines. As PV systems can be expensive, they are not used in areas that have electricity nearby. However, for those who need electricity in remote places, this system is economical. However, PV power is intermittent, that is, the system cannot make electricity if the sun is not shining. These systems therefore need batteries to store the electricity. Concentrating Solar Power Solar thermal systems can also change sunlight into electricity by concentrating the suns rays towards a set of mirrors. This heat is then used to boil water to make steam. This steam rotates a turbine that is attached to the generator that produces electricity. Solar thermal power, however, is intermittent. To avoid this problem, natural gas is used to heat the water. Solar thermal systems should ideally be located in areas that receive a lot of sunshine all through the year. Global Warming and Climate Change: The past few decades have seen a host of treaties, conventions, and protocols in the field of environmental protection. The Indian scientist had predicted that human activities would interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth, resulting in global warming and climate change. His prediction was borne out and climate change is disrupting global environmental stability. Land degradation, air and water pollution, sea-level rise, and loss of biodiversity are only a few examples of the now familiar issue of environmental degradation due to climate change. One of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is that it affects all mankind on a global scale without regard to any particular country, race, or region. This makes the whole world a stakeholder and raises issues on how resources can be allocated and responsibilities be shared to combat environmental degradation. One of the main human activities that releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide into t he atmosphere is the conventional use of fossil fuels to produce energy. Scientists and environmentalists have studied, over the past few years, the impact of conventional energy systems on the global environment. The enhanced greenhouse effect from the use of fossil fuels has resulted in the phenomena of acid rain and accentuated the problem of ozone depletion and global warming, resulting in climate change. Due to the increased use of technology and mechanization in human activities, the delicate ecological and environmental balances are being disturbed. For instance, carbon dioxide is being pumped into the atmosphere faster than the oceans and flora can remove it and the rate of extinction of animal and plant species far exceeds the rate of their evolution. The reason that global warming and climate change are considered serious global threats is that they have very damaging and disastrous consequences. These are in the form of: Increased frequency and intensity of storms, hurricanes, floods and droughts; Permanent flooding of vast areas of heavily populated lands and the creation of hundreds of millions of environmental refugees due to the melting glaciers and polar ice that causes rising sea levels; Increased frequency of forest fires; Increased sea temperatures causing coral bleaching and the destruction of coral reefs around the world; Eradication of entire ecosystems The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to assess scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information needed for the understanding of the risk of human induced climate change. According to the IPCC assessments, if the present rate of emissions continues, the global mean temperature will increase by 1 °Celsius to 3.5 °Celsius compared to 1990 levels by the year 2100. The best estimate is at 2 °Celsius. Moreover, the impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of increased tension between nations and regions. For instance, in many countries, a severe disruption of the worlds food supplies through floods, droughts, crop failures and diseases brought about by climate change would trigger famine, wars and civil disorder. Historically, it is the developed world that is responsible for most of the emissions into the atmosphere. Howeve r, it is the underdeveloped parts of the world that will suffer its worst effects. For example, as sea levels rise, a country like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable arable and populated lands than North American or European countries, even though, in comparison to the latter, the former would have much less emissions. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction: Solar energy industry is at an inflection point with developments in technology driving down costs as fossil fuel prices head northwards. In this changing environment, those who will proactively seize opportunities through innovative business models across the solar energy value chain will emerge as winners. The threat to energy security is greater than ever perceived before. With the sub-prime crisis hitting the US and global economies and the dollar depreciating against all major currencies, crude oil prices have crossed the US$140/barrel mark on sustained demand and supply concerns. Not just oil, but other important fuels like coal and gas, has also charted the same path. Since 2002, the increase in fuel prices has been incredible: oil and coal have jumped by more than 500% and gas by more than 300%. A classic demand-supply theory may not provide enough justification for this sudden surge and it is becoming increasingly difficult to forecast fuel prices in the long term (EIA forec asts US$70/Bbl for oil and US$6.6/MMBTU for gas by 2030 in its 2008 Annual Energy Outlook report). While fossil fuel prices are sky rocketing, alternate energy sources like solar and wind look more attractive by the day. Solar industry is at the crossroads of technological developments and operational improvements bringing down its costs and of market forces that shape its demand potential. Solar energy economics: Solar PV (photovoltaic) and CSP (concentrated solar power) electricity generation currently costs around 15-30 US cents per kWh (depending on geographical location) against grid prices of 5-20 US cents across the world for different users. So far, governments across the world have supported solar power with subsidies and feed-in tariff incentives, which would be done away with in a gradual manner. The delivered cost per unit is a function of three important parameters: solar system capex and its financing cost; solar isolations received by the system; and PV cell efficiency. Solar module cost forms about 60% of the total solar system capex. Solar module costs have dropped significantly from about US$25/W in early 1980s to US$3.5/W now, registering a year-on-year drop of 7%. Constraints in silicon supply have restricted this trend to some extent for the last 2-3 years. If module costs drops below US$2/W, grid parity could be achieved. The capacity of silicon production is expected to double in the next 2-3 years as more than US$6-bn would be invested by major firms through 2010. This could lead to a potential oversupplied market, putting pressure on silicon prices. Also economies of scale will lead to cost savings. Cambridge Energy Research Institute reports that the doubling of capacity would reduce production costs by 20%. Cell efficiency is expected to improve from about 15% to 20%, which will further reduce the capex per watt. Thin film and CSP technologies are reducing silicon usage in solar systems. With the combined effect of process improvements and technology developments, the cost of solar module could achieve the threshold limit of US$2/W in the next four to five years, ahead of the 2015 target for solar grid parity power set by India. A leading solar company in India is confident of bringing total solar capex below US$2.5/W. If we consider the cost of carbon emissions from fossil fuels, grid power will become more costly (about 3 US cents/unit additi onal cost for coal based generation). Sustained high fuel prices, accompanied by carbon emission costs, will further accelerate grid-parity time for solar power. While solar power is approaching grid parity, the solar energy industry is witnessing a changing competitive scenario. Structural changes in the industry are visible, along with shifts across the value chain by companies to capture the future value. Solar industrys changing dynamics: The solar PV industry value chain consists of the following segments: There are two clear groupings in the value chain: Silicon to module manufacturing group; and Product and system integration. Silicon manufacturing (solar grade) is close to a US$1bn industry, while the size of the installation industry is about US$6-bn. Silicon module segment is capital intensive and technology driven. It captures most of the value in the solar value chain, as a handful of large companies are present in this segment. The fragmentation increases subsequently across the value chain. Silicon and wafer manufacturing companies enjoy about 40% profit margins, while installers typically work with about 10-15% margins. Recent activities in the solar PV value chain indicate major shifts in the industry structure: Companies aiming to create an integrated presence across the value chain: Sun Power, a US based solar cell and module manufacturer, recently acquired Power light, a system integrator present in US and Europe. Companies developing alternate technology options: Applied Materials, a semiconductor company, acquired Applied Films, a producer of thin film deposition equipment. Module manufacturers tying up the silicon end: Moser Baer, an Indian solar company, recently completed a series of strategic tie-ups in the silicon-cell segment to secure silicon supply and technology access. On the application side as more and more off-grid solutions are emerging, customer interface management would become crucial. Concentrated solar power (CSP) also holds promise with ability to generate electricity on a large scale (10 to 80 Feasibility Study of Solar Energy in India Feasibility Study of Solar Energy in India Abstract Solar energy in its raw form may be pollution-free, but manufacturing the devices that get the energy out of light and heat requires metal and other material, requiring mines and smelters, therein causing pollution. Maybe the most exciting thing about solar energy today is not only that the costs continue to drop and efficiencies continue to rise, but that clean solar energy is arriving at last. New technologies allow new methods of manufacturing which pollute much less and often run on solar energy. Solar heating and solar electric systems can now generate thermal and electric energy over their service life up to 100 times the energy input during their manufacture. This ratio; the energy it will produce in its lifetime, compared to the amount of energy input to manufacture and maintain an energy system, has doubled in the last 20 years for most solar technologies. The ratio of energy out vs. energy in for solar systems has become so favorable that the economic and ecological viabili ty of solar power is now beyond question. One reason solar energy still cannot compete financially vs. conventional energy is because the value of future energy output from a photovoltaic system is discounted when calculating, for example, an internal rate of return. These economic models that put a time-value on money, making long-term receipts not worth as much as near-term receipts cannot necessarily be applied to energy. In fact, endues pricing will significantly increase customer penetration, and this will have a correspondingly positive impact on the economics of Solar Water Heating as a stand-alone profit-making business. The business views solar energy as a potential key resource to help Indias energy portfolio become greener, more diversified and more secure, while also creating jobs in the State. Solar energy can play an important role in allowing India to reach its Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) goals. As stated by the Commission, the development of additional renewab le energy resources is a long-standing energy policy objective of the State. The Indian solar energy industry can easily rise to the challenge of bringing solar energy to the forefront to help India address the twin challenges of energy security and combating global warming and climate change.India is particularly well positioned to reap the advantages of solar power, which is clean, free, forever and everywhere. Chapter 1: Introduction India is both densely populated and has high solar insolation, providing an ideal combination for solar power in India. Much of the country does not have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power has been for water pumping; to begin replacing Indias four to five million diesel powered water pumps, each consuming about 3.5kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000km ² area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100gigawatts. In July 2009, India unveiled a $19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020. Under the plan, solar-powered equipment and applications would be mandatory in all government buildings including hospitals and hotels. 18 November 2009, it was reported that India is ready to launch its Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013. Of the total energy produced in In dia, just 0.5% is solar. But with the Government of Indias (GOI) target to increase the use of renewable energy to 10% of total power generation by 2012, solar panels are set to become a more regular feature in communities across India. The GOI has been pushing solar power to households in town and cities using incentives such as discounts on energy bills if solar is installed. However, for the hundreds of thousands of people that live in rural areas of the country, solar energy is more difficult to access. It may seem surprising that solar energy as applied to heating domestic hot water an idea that has been around for a long time offers what utilities and their residential customers want most in a new product/service. This document not only explains how and why, it shows how to get into the business and succeed on a commercial scale. Solar is also easier to sell using end-use pricing because it eliminates customer issues of high first cost and perceived risk that have been major weaknesses in how solar has been marketed in the past. Indias Emerging Solar Industry: The global solar energy industry is in the early phases of what may be a 30 to 50-year expansion. By the end of 2007, the cumulative installed capacity of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems around the world had reached more than 9,200 MW, up from 1,200 MW at the end of 2000. Installations of PV cells and modules around the world have been growing at an average annual rate of more than 35% since 1998 (Solar Generation V Report, EPIA, and September, 2008). While contributing only a fraction of the world energy needs today, by 2060 it may be the largest single contributor to global energy production. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) estimates that by the year 2030, PV systems could be generating approximately 2,600 TWh of electricity around the world, enough to satisfy the electricity needs of almost 14% of the worlds population. India has the opportunity to play a major role in this global energy transformation. With significant technical and production resources, Ind ia can be a major supplier of PV cells and modules to meet the growing world demand. With the current pace of growth, Indias solar industry could emerge as the fourth largest generator of solar energy in the world after, Germany, China, and Japan. As an increasingly significant energy consumer, solar power can play a significant role in the countrys domestic energy supply. With over 50,000 villages in India without electricity, solar power has enormous potential to meet rural electrical needs, improving the lives of millions of Indians and meeting critical agricultural, education and industrial needs. Current Situation in India: India is already a major contributor to the global technology market. According to ISA/ Frost Sullivan report, semiconductor and embedded design revenues are expected to grow from $3.2 billion in 2005 to $43 billion by 201 5. The India semiconductor market is expected to grow from $2.82 billion in 2005 to $ 36.3 billion in 201 5. Electronics manufacturing is estimated to reach $1 55 billion in 201 5, creating a $1 5.5 billion semiconductor market opportunity. With recent government and industry actions, India can also be expected to join the leaders in the global photovoltaic market. India will pool all their scientific, technical and managerial talents, with financial sources, to develop solar energy as a source of abundant energy to power their economy and to transform the lives of their people. Their success in this endeavor will change the face of India. To accomplish these goals, the India government has instituted programs on both the demand and supply side for solar industry. On the supply side, ast year the India cabinet approved incentives to attract foreign investment to the semiconductor sector, including manufacturers of semiconductors, displays and solar technologies. The government announced it will bear 20 per cent of capital expenditures in the first 10 years if a unit is located within Special Economic Zones (SEZs), including major economic zone in Hyderabad called Fab City. The minimum investment was set at 25 billion rupees (—$500 million) for semiconductor manufacturers and 10 billion rupees for other micro- and nanotechnology makers. With theses recent announcements, the solar industry has been the chief beneficiary of this incentive-based economic policy. In August, as a follow up to its semiconductor policy (the Special Incentive Package Scheme, or SIPS), the government of India received 12 proposals amounting to a total investment of Rs. 92,915.38 crore. 10 of these proposals were for solar PV, from: KSurya (Rs. 3,211 crore), Lan co Solar (Rs. 12,938 crore), PV Technologies India (Rs. 6,000 crore), Phoenix Solar India (Rs.1, 200 crore), Reliance Industries (Rs.11, 631 crore) Signet Solar (Rs. 9,672 crore), Solar Semiconductor (Rs.11, 821 crore), TF Solar Power (Rs. 2,348 crore), Tata BP Solar India (Rs. 1,692.80 crore), and Titan Energy System (Rs. 5,880.58 crore). In late September, there were three further announcements, concerning: Vavasi Telegence, which plans to invest Rs. 39,000 crore for a solar PV and polysilicon unit; EPV Solar, which will invest Rs. 4,000 crore for a solar PV unit; and Lanco Solar, which will invest Rs I 2, 938 crore for a solar PV and polysilicon unit. In 2009, approximately I 30MW of shipments in 2009 are projected, compared with approximately 30MW in 2008. On the demand side, India has a long term goal of generating I 0% of the countrys electricity from renewable sources by 2032. In early 2008 India instituted a feed-in tariff for solar PV and/or thermal electricity generation (i.e. —$0.30!kWhr for up to 75% of solar PV output) at the national level as a supplement to more modest local incentive programs. The feed-in tariff is subject to annual digressions and is slated to be in force for ten years. Regional caps will limit total installations in a given year, but should drive solid percentage growth in 2008 , with accelerating growth through 201 0. The new incentive scheme for solar power plants in January 2008 could further enable rapid market growth in the coming years. For power producers, a generation-based subsidy is available up to Rs. I 2/kWh from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, in addition to the price paid by a state utility for I 0 years. With state utilities mandated to buy energy from solar power plants, several state electricity regulatory boards are setting up preferential tariff structures. Among the states that already have proposals in place are Rajasthan (Rs. I 5.6 per kWhr proposed), West Bengal (Rs. I 2.5 per kWhr proposed), Punjab (Rs. 8.93 per kWhr), with several other states exploring such a possibility. Aside from the feed-in tariffs, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides revolving fund to financing and leasing companies offering affordable credit for the purchase of solar PV systems in India. Additional incentives include, 80 % accelerated depreciation, lower import duties on raw materials, and excise duty exemption on certain devices. The role of SEMI PV Group: SEMI is the global industry association serving the manufacturing supply chains for the microelectronic, display and photovoltaic industries. Since its inception in 1970, SEMI has been helping members explore and develop new markets for their products and services. SEMI has helped facilitate the creation of new manufacturing regions by providing advice and council, facilitating collaborations, organizing trade missions and trade events, and other activities necessary to integrate market forces, governmental economic policy, education and human capital programs, and financial support. As the semiconductor industry expanded globally and new manufacturing centers were established throughout the world, SEMI successively opened offices in Japan, Europe, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and China to support introduction to these vital new market regions. In each of these regions, SEMI has organized SEMICON expositions, to bring buyers, suppliers and other industry constituents together, and facili tate industry growth. The SEMI PV Group was established in January 2008 to enhance support to members serving the crystalline and thin film photovoltaic (PV) supply chains. Members of the PV Group provide the essential equipment, materials and services necessary to produce clean, renewable energy from photovoltaic technologies. The PV Group is committed to lowering costs for PV energy and for expanding the growth and profitability of SEMI members serving this essential industry. With the input and guidance of the SEMI Board of Directors and Global and Regional PV Advisory Committees in North America, Asia and Europe, the PV Group has prepared a White Paper, The Perfect Industry The Race to Excellence in PV Manufacturing, that describes the ideal industry characteristics for the high-growth PV industry and describes both current and potential SEMI policies, program and initiatives designed to achieve them. By defining and communicating ideal or perfect industry end-states, equipment and materials suppliers along with cell and module manufacturers can more effectively prioritize industry-wide initiatives. The White Paper outlines four attributes of the perfect industry: long term growth; sustained profitability; environmental excellence, and global scope. Each of these attributes is examined to explain and understand their role in the industrys formation, and to help understand and describe the necessary industry actions required to achieve the greatest impact. The SEMI PV Group beUeves that hepng g row and facilitate the global market for PV is essential to its mission and that India will play a vital role. Following a path that proved successful in the semiconductor and display industries, the SEMI PV Group believes that for the industry to achieve long-term growth, open markets and a global supply chain supported by global standards will be required. A sustainable industry committed to long term, profitable growth industry will also be one with harmonized standards for environmental, health and safety standards and guidelines that yield high-quality, low- cost products from any manufacturing location in the world. Unlike semiconductors— and virtually any other industrial segment the importance of PV industry goes beyond the economic well-being of its participants. The production of clean, renewable energy is of vital importance to every human being on the planet. Renewable Energy sector in India: India has the worlds largest programme for renewable energy. Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister. India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water and biomass. Vigorous efforts during the past two decades are now bearing fruit as people in all walks of life are more aware of the benefits of renewable energy, especially decentralized energy where required in villages and in urban or semi-urban centers. The range of its activities cover: Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar photovoltaics, cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower units. Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy technologies, Promotion of renewable energy technologies, Create an environment conducive for their commercialization, Renewable energy resource assessment, Research and development, Demonstration, Extension, Solar Energy: Solar water heaters have proved the most popular so far and solar photovoltaic for decentralized power supply are fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. More than 700000 PV systems generating 44 MW have been installed all over India. Under the water pumping programme more than 3000 systems have been installed so far and the market for solar lighting and solar pumping is far from saturated. Solar drying is one area which offers very good prospects in food, agricultural and chemical products drying applications. SPV Systems: More than 700000 PV systems of capacity over 44MW for different applications are installed all over India. The market segment and usage is mainly for home lighting, street lighting, solar lanterns and water pumping for irrigation. Over 17 grid interactive solar photovoltaic generating more than 1400 KW are in operation in 8 states of India. As the demand for power grows exponentially and conventional fuel based power generating capacity grows arithmetically, SPV based power generation can be a source to meet the expected shortfall. Especially in rural, far-flung where the likelihood of conventional electric lines is remote, SPV power generation is the best alternative. Wind Power: India now ranks as a wind superpower with an installed wind power capacity of 1167 MW and about 5 billion units of electricity have been fed to the national grid so far. In progress are wind resource assessment programme, wind monitoring, wind mapping, covering 800 stations in 24 states with 193 wind monitoring stations in operations. Altogether 13 states of India have a net potential of about 45000 MW. Solar Cookers: Government has been promoting box type solar cookers with subsidies since a long time in the hope of saving fuel and meeting the needs of the rural and urban populace. There are community cookers and large parabolic reflector based systems in operation in some places but solar cookers, as a whole, have not found the widespread acceptance and popularity as hoped for. A lot of educating and pushing will have to be put in before solar cookers are made an indispensable part of each household (at least in rural and semi-urban areas). Solar cookers using parabolic reflectors or multiple mirrors which result in faster cooking of food would be more welcome than the single reflector box design is what some observers and users of the box cookers feel. Solar Water Heaters: A conservative estimate of solar water heating systems installed in the country is estimated at over 475000 sq. mtrs of the conventional flat plate collectors. Noticeable beneficiaries of the programme of installation of solar water heaters so far have been cooperative dairies, guest houses, hotels, charitable institutions, chemical and process units, hostels, hospitals, textile mills, process houses and individuals. In fact in India solar water heaters are the most popular of all renewable energy devices. Solar Heating and Cooling: Most solar water heater research is currently focused on reducing costs rather than increasing efficiency. Current work involves replacing standard parts with less expensive polymers. Examples include polymer absorbers with selective coatings, UV resistant polymer glazing, and polymer heat exchangers. The main types are glazed and unglazed flat plate types and the evacuated tube types with about 100 million units deployed worldwide with evacuated tubes making up about 25% of the market. Asian growth is predicted to continue. Forms of Renewable Energy: Solar Each day more energy reaches the earth from the sun than would be consumed by the globe in 27 years. Solar energy is renewable as long as the sun keeps burning the massive amount of hydrogen it has in its core. Even with the sun expending 700 billion tons of hydrogen every second, it is expected to keep burning for another 4.5 billion years. Solar energy comes from processes called solar heating, solar water heating, photovoltaic energy and solar thermal electric power. Solar Heating An example of solar heating is the heat that gets trapped inside a closed car on a sunny day. Today, more than 200,000 houses in the United States have been designed to use features that take advantage of the suns energy. These homes use passive solar designs, which do not normally require pumps, fans and other mechanical equipment to store and distribute the suns energy; in contrast to the active solar designs which need the support of mechanical components. A passive solar home or building naturally collects the suns heat through large south facing windows, which are just one aspect of passive design. Once the heat is inside, it is captured and needs to be absorbed. A sun spot on the floor of a house on a cold day holds the suns heat and is perhaps, the simplest form of an absorber. In solar buildings, sunspaces are built onto the southern side of the structure, which act as large absorbers. The floors of these sunspaces are usually made of tiles or bricks that relea se air. Passive solar homes need to be designed to let the heat in during cold months and keep the sun out in the hot months. Using deciduous trees or bushes in front of the south-facing windows can do this. These plants lose their leaves in the winter and allow most of the sun in, while in summer, the leaves will block out a lot of the sunshine and heat. Solar Water Heating The sun can also heat water for bathing and laundry. Most solar water-heating systems have two main parts: the solar collector and the storage tank. The collector heats the water, which then flows to the storage tank. The storage tank can be just a modified water heater, but ideally, it should be a large well-insulated tank. The water stays in the storage tank until it is needed for something, say a shower or to run the dishwasher. Like solar-designed buildings, solar water-heating systems can be either active or passive. While a solar waterheating system can work well, it cannot heat water when the sun is not shining and for this reason, homes have conventional backup systems that use fossil fuels. Photovoltaic Energy The suns energy can also be made directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells, sometimes called solar cells. PV cells make electricity without noise or pollution. They are used in calculators and watches. They also provide power to satellites, electric lights and small electrical appliances such as radios. PV cells are now even being used to provide electricity for homes, villages and businesses. Usually, PV systems are used for water pumping, highway lighting, weather stations and other electrical systems located away from power lines. As PV systems can be expensive, they are not used in areas that have electricity nearby. However, for those who need electricity in remote places, this system is economical. However, PV power is intermittent, that is, the system cannot make electricity if the sun is not shining. These systems therefore need batteries to store the electricity. Concentrating Solar Power Solar thermal systems can also change sunlight into electricity by concentrating the suns rays towards a set of mirrors. This heat is then used to boil water to make steam. This steam rotates a turbine that is attached to the generator that produces electricity. Solar thermal power, however, is intermittent. To avoid this problem, natural gas is used to heat the water. Solar thermal systems should ideally be located in areas that receive a lot of sunshine all through the year. Global Warming and Climate Change: The past few decades have seen a host of treaties, conventions, and protocols in the field of environmental protection. The Indian scientist had predicted that human activities would interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth, resulting in global warming and climate change. His prediction was borne out and climate change is disrupting global environmental stability. Land degradation, air and water pollution, sea-level rise, and loss of biodiversity are only a few examples of the now familiar issue of environmental degradation due to climate change. One of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is that it affects all mankind on a global scale without regard to any particular country, race, or region. This makes the whole world a stakeholder and raises issues on how resources can be allocated and responsibilities be shared to combat environmental degradation. One of the main human activities that releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide into t he atmosphere is the conventional use of fossil fuels to produce energy. Scientists and environmentalists have studied, over the past few years, the impact of conventional energy systems on the global environment. The enhanced greenhouse effect from the use of fossil fuels has resulted in the phenomena of acid rain and accentuated the problem of ozone depletion and global warming, resulting in climate change. Due to the increased use of technology and mechanization in human activities, the delicate ecological and environmental balances are being disturbed. For instance, carbon dioxide is being pumped into the atmosphere faster than the oceans and flora can remove it and the rate of extinction of animal and plant species far exceeds the rate of their evolution. The reason that global warming and climate change are considered serious global threats is that they have very damaging and disastrous consequences. These are in the form of: Increased frequency and intensity of storms, hurricanes, floods and droughts; Permanent flooding of vast areas of heavily populated lands and the creation of hundreds of millions of environmental refugees due to the melting glaciers and polar ice that causes rising sea levels; Increased frequency of forest fires; Increased sea temperatures causing coral bleaching and the destruction of coral reefs around the world; Eradication of entire ecosystems The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to assess scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information needed for the understanding of the risk of human induced climate change. According to the IPCC assessments, if the present rate of emissions continues, the global mean temperature will increase by 1 °Celsius to 3.5 °Celsius compared to 1990 levels by the year 2100. The best estimate is at 2 °Celsius. Moreover, the impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of increased tension between nations and regions. For instance, in many countries, a severe disruption of the worlds food supplies through floods, droughts, crop failures and diseases brought about by climate change would trigger famine, wars and civil disorder. Historically, it is the developed world that is responsible for most of the emissions into the atmosphere. Howeve r, it is the underdeveloped parts of the world that will suffer its worst effects. For example, as sea levels rise, a country like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable arable and populated lands than North American or European countries, even though, in comparison to the latter, the former would have much less emissions. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction: Solar energy industry is at an inflection point with developments in technology driving down costs as fossil fuel prices head northwards. In this changing environment, those who will proactively seize opportunities through innovative business models across the solar energy value chain will emerge as winners. The threat to energy security is greater than ever perceived before. With the sub-prime crisis hitting the US and global economies and the dollar depreciating against all major currencies, crude oil prices have crossed the US$140/barrel mark on sustained demand and supply concerns. Not just oil, but other important fuels like coal and gas, has also charted the same path. Since 2002, the increase in fuel prices has been incredible: oil and coal have jumped by more than 500% and gas by more than 300%. A classic demand-supply theory may not provide enough justification for this sudden surge and it is becoming increasingly difficult to forecast fuel prices in the long term (EIA forec asts US$70/Bbl for oil and US$6.6/MMBTU for gas by 2030 in its 2008 Annual Energy Outlook report). While fossil fuel prices are sky rocketing, alternate energy sources like solar and wind look more attractive by the day. Solar industry is at the crossroads of technological developments and operational improvements bringing down its costs and of market forces that shape its demand potential. Solar energy economics: Solar PV (photovoltaic) and CSP (concentrated solar power) electricity generation currently costs around 15-30 US cents per kWh (depending on geographical location) against grid prices of 5-20 US cents across the world for different users. So far, governments across the world have supported solar power with subsidies and feed-in tariff incentives, which would be done away with in a gradual manner. The delivered cost per unit is a function of three important parameters: solar system capex and its financing cost; solar isolations received by the system; and PV cell efficiency. Solar module cost forms about 60% of the total solar system capex. Solar module costs have dropped significantly from about US$25/W in early 1980s to US$3.5/W now, registering a year-on-year drop of 7%. Constraints in silicon supply have restricted this trend to some extent for the last 2-3 years. If module costs drops below US$2/W, grid parity could be achieved. The capacity of silicon production is expected to double in the next 2-3 years as more than US$6-bn would be invested by major firms through 2010. This could lead to a potential oversupplied market, putting pressure on silicon prices. Also economies of scale will lead to cost savings. Cambridge Energy Research Institute reports that the doubling of capacity would reduce production costs by 20%. Cell efficiency is expected to improve from about 15% to 20%, which will further reduce the capex per watt. Thin film and CSP technologies are reducing silicon usage in solar systems. With the combined effect of process improvements and technology developments, the cost of solar module could achieve the threshold limit of US$2/W in the next four to five years, ahead of the 2015 target for solar grid parity power set by India. A leading solar company in India is confident of bringing total solar capex below US$2.5/W. If we consider the cost of carbon emissions from fossil fuels, grid power will become more costly (about 3 US cents/unit additi onal cost for coal based generation). Sustained high fuel prices, accompanied by carbon emission costs, will further accelerate grid-parity time for solar power. While solar power is approaching grid parity, the solar energy industry is witnessing a changing competitive scenario. Structural changes in the industry are visible, along with shifts across the value chain by companies to capture the future value. Solar industrys changing dynamics: The solar PV industry value chain consists of the following segments: There are two clear groupings in the value chain: Silicon to module manufacturing group; and Product and system integration. Silicon manufacturing (solar grade) is close to a US$1bn industry, while the size of the installation industry is about US$6-bn. Silicon module segment is capital intensive and technology driven. It captures most of the value in the solar value chain, as a handful of large companies are present in this segment. The fragmentation increases subsequently across the value chain. Silicon and wafer manufacturing companies enjoy about 40% profit margins, while installers typically work with about 10-15% margins. Recent activities in the solar PV value chain indicate major shifts in the industry structure: Companies aiming to create an integrated presence across the value chain: Sun Power, a US based solar cell and module manufacturer, recently acquired Power light, a system integrator present in US and Europe. Companies developing alternate technology options: Applied Materials, a semiconductor company, acquired Applied Films, a producer of thin film deposition equipment. Module manufacturers tying up the silicon end: Moser Baer, an Indian solar company, recently completed a series of strategic tie-ups in the silicon-cell segment to secure silicon supply and technology access. On the application side as more and more off-grid solutions are emerging, customer interface management would become crucial. Concentrated solar power (CSP) also holds promise with ability to generate electricity on a large scale (10 to 80